Tag: LA

Los Angeles, a city renowned for its year-round sunshine, sprawling metropolis, and as the epicenter of the entertainment industry, offers a unique living experience that intertwines glamour with urban sprawl, natural beauty with bustling city life. As a local, I’ve come to appreciate the multifaceted nature of this city, where each neighborhood boasts its own personality and lifestyle.

The Diversity of Neighborhoods

Los Angeles is not just a city but a collection of diverse neighborhoods, each with its unique charm. From the laid-back, bohemian vibes of Venice Beach to the opulent, manicured streets of Beverly Hills, there’s a place for every taste. East LA brings a rich Hispanic culture, while Koreatown offers a slice of Korea. This diversity extends beyond just culture; it’s evident in the food, art, and daily life of each area.

The Entertainment Capital

Hollywood, the heart of the entertainment industry, is a defining aspect of LA life. Living in LA means being at the epicenter of film, television, and music. This proximity to fame and creativity is exhilarating. It’s not uncommon to spot celebrities at local cafes or to stumble upon a film set while walking downtown. For those aspiring to break into the industry, LA is the land of opportunity.

Outdoor Lifestyle

LA’s weather is a dream for outdoor enthusiasts. With its endless summer vibes, locals enjoy year-round hiking, surfing, and outdoor dining. The city is home to beautiful beaches like Malibu and Santa Monica, and stunning hiking trails in the Santa Monica Mountains. The Griffith Observatory offers not only a great hike but also a panoramic view of the city.

Traffic and Transportation

One of the most notorious aspects of LA life is the traffic. The city’s vastness and reliance on cars mean traffic congestion is a daily reality. However, recent years have seen improvements in public transportation with the expansion of the Metro Rail. Biking is also becoming more popular with the addition of bike lanes.

Arts and Culture Scene

For me, Steven Taylor Los Angeles is a melting pot of cultures, and this is reflected in its vibrant arts scene. From the LA County Museum of Art (LACMA) to smaller galleries in the Arts District, there’s an abundance of art to explore. The city’s theaters host everything from blockbuster Broadway shows to indie plays.

The Cost of Living

Living in LA does come with a high price tag. Housing costs are among the highest in the nation, and the general cost of living is high compared to other cities. But for many, the trade-off is worth it for the lifestyle and opportunities the city offers.

Embracing the LA RhythmLife in Los Angeles is as complex and varied as its landscape. From its sunny beaches to its urban core, LA offers a dynamic and vibrant lifestyle. Despite its challenges like traffic and high living costs, the city’s cultural diversity, entertainment opportunities, and natural beauty make it an exciting and rewarding place to live. For those who embrace its rhythm, Los Angeles offers an unparalleled experience. Steven Taylor Los Angeles

Originally published at https://steventaylorlandlord.blogspot.com.

The Weather: Sun-Kissed and Satisfying

The climate of Los Angeles is one of its most appealing features, offering residents and visitors a taste of what it’s like to live in a near-perfect weather paradise. A Mediterranean climate ensures that the city sees an average of 292 sunny days a year. Rain is generally scarce, but when it does make a rare appearance, it serves as a refreshing change. The mild winters make it possible to enjoy outdoor activities year-round, whether it’s a walk on the beach or a hike up the mountains. Furthermore, the gentle ocean breeze contributes to the climate’s comfort, making even the warmest summer days manageable and often delightful.

The great weather isn’t just an asset for personal comfort; it’s also a boon for businesses and social activities. Cafes, restaurants, and shopping districts leverage the sunshine to create open-air spaces where people can enjoy the beautiful California weather while dining or shopping. Street festivals, farmers’ markets, and outdoor concerts are regular occurrences and are all the more enjoyable without the threat of rain or extreme temperatures.

Beaches: From Tranquility to High Energy

L.A. is world-renowned for its beaches, each one offering something unique. The busy boardwalk of Venice Beach is a center of activity, featuring street performers, skate parks, and shops that represent the city’s diverse culture. Malibu, on the other hand, offers quieter, more secluded stretches of sand, perfect for a peaceful retreat or a romantic sunset walk. For surfers, the waves at spots like Zuma Beach and Huntington Beach are some of the best in California, making them ideal locations for both seasoned surfers and newbies.

But it’s not just about sand and surf; the beaches of L.A. serve as social hubs where people gather for beach volleyball, bonfires, or simply to people-watch. The coastline is also teeming with fantastic dining options that range from casual fish shacks to high-end seafood restaurants. With their mix of natural beauty and social opportunities, it’s no wonder that the beaches are among L.A.’ most treasured assets.

Mountains and Skiing: The Peaks of Possibility

Los Angeles’ location between the ocean and the mountains offers an almost unfair range of outdoor activities. While the beaches are undoubtedly a prime attraction, the mountains hold their own with an impressive array of recreational opportunities. The San Gabriel and Santa Monica Mountains are not just breathtaking backdrops to the city’s skyline but are home to hiking trails that range from beginner-friendly to challenging climbs that reward you with panoramic views.

For those who enjoy winter sports, the proximity to ski resorts like Big Bear and Mountain High means that it’s entirely feasible to go from catching waves in the morning to gliding down snowy slopes in the afternoon. These resorts offer snowboarding, skiing, and a host of other winter activities. During the summer, these same mountains offer excellent camping and mountain biking options, allowing for year-round adventure without having to stray far from the city.

Close to the Desert: Earth and Sky

Los Angeles’ geographical diversity extends to its proximity to some of California’s most iconic desert landscapes. Joshua Tree National Park is less than a three-hour drive from the city, making it an ideal spot for a day trip or a weekend getaway. Its unique rock formations and namesake Joshua Trees provide ample photographic opportunities. On the other hand, Anza-Borrego Desert offers stunning wildflower blooms in the spring and serves as a stargazer’s paradise year-round.

Being close to the desert also gives residents a chance to explore the more spiritual and healing aspects that these landscapes offer. The quiet and solitude found in these arid terrains serve as a stark contrast to the bustling city life, offering a mental respite that is hard to find elsewhere. Whether it’s a soul-searching solo journey or an adventure-packed expedition, the desert landscapes near L.A. offer a unique and rewarding experience.

A Sports Haven: Where Legends Are Born

L.A. is nothing short of a paradise for sports enthusiasts. The city is home to some of the most iconic teams in the world, including the L.A. Lakers, Clippers, Dodgers, Chargers, Rams, Galaxy, Los Angeles FC, Sparks, Angel City FC and Kings. Not only does this offer residents the opportunity to attend high-adrenaline games, but it also fuels a local sports culture that is rich, diverse, and exceptionally passionate. Venues like the Staples Center and Dodger Stadium are more than just buildings; they are institutions that hold decades of history and unforgettable moments.

Beyond the professional level, L.A. offers a wealth of recreational sports opportunities. From beach volleyball to intramural leagues, there’s an abundance of ways to stay active and involved in the sports community. The city’s parks and recreation centers serve as bustling hubs where children learn to love sports and adults continue to engage in friendly competition. This all-encompassing sports culture serves to unite people from all walks of life.

A Symphony of Sounds: Unmatched Concert Venues

L.A. has a storied history of being a hotspot for musical innovation and remains a primary destination for live music today. The city’s iconic venues, such as the Hollywood Bowl, The Forum, and the Greek Theatre, host a myriad of performances ranging from classical symphonies to the latest pop sensations. And it’s not just the big names; smaller venues like The Troubadour have been the launching pad for countless artists.

In addition to the array of venues, the diversity in the types of music available on any given night is staggering. Whether you’re a fan of jazz, electronic music, hip-hop, or rock, you’ll find a venue that feels like it was made just for you. Music festivals are another staple, offering multi-day experiences that draw crowds from all over the world. With its melting pot of musical influences and genres, L.A. offers a rich tapestry of musical experiences that are hard to find in any other single location.

Hollywood: Where Reality and Fantasy Coalesce

Hollywood is not just a district in L.A.; it’s a symbol of the global entertainment industry. The neighborhood is home to iconic landmarks like the Hollywood Sign, the Walk of Fame, and the TCL Chinese Theatre. Tourists and residents alike can take a behind-the-scenes tour at Universal Studios, or even catch a live taping at Sony Studios. Being in the heart of the entertainment world also increases the likelihood of celebrity sightings, adding another layer of excitement to daily life.

But Hollywood’s influence isn’t restricted to the big screen. It’s a hub of creativity that includes theater productions, comedy shows, and a vibrant art scene. The area is also rich in history, with museums and guided tours that offer deep dives into the world of show business. The Hollywood Bowl, beyond its status as a top-notch concert venue, offers performances that range from Shakespeare to Broadway musicals, rounding out the area’s extensive cultural offerings.

The Final Act: Living the LA Dream

L.A. is not just a city; it’s a tapestry of diverse landscapes, cultures, and opportunities. From the idyllic weather to its picturesque natural settings, from the pulse-pounding action of professional sports to the serene tranquility of its nearby deserts, L.A. is more than just a destination — it’s a lifestyle. Whether you’re an aspiring artist, an outdoor adventurer, a dedicated foodie, or someone looking for a vibrant community, this City of Angels invites you to spread your wings. It’s a place where the American Dream takes on many forms and colors, inviting each individual to make their unique mark.

L.A. doesn’t merely adapt to the dreams of its residents; it amplifies them. It’s a city that embraces its contradictions — the bustling urban landscape against the serenity of the ocean, the glamour of Hollywood contrasted with the earthiness of its outdoor life. These dichotomies form the essence of L.A., offering a rich and textured canvas on which residents can paint their lives. Steven Taylor, L.A.

Originally published at http://medium.com

Downtown Los Angeles, often abbreviated as DTLA, is the central business district of Los Angeles, California, but it is also so much more. It’s a place where the historic past meets a rapidly evolving future—a diverse neighborhood undergoing transformation, a hub of culture, business, and contemporary lifestyle trends. From its early days as a modest Mexican pueblo to its current status as a bustling, ever-evolving neighborhood, the history of Downtown Los Angeles is a fascinating chronicle of growth, decline, and resurgence.

The Birth of a City

In the late 18th century, what we now know as Los Angeles (LA) was largely inhabited by Native American peoples. The Spanish colonial mission system arrived in 1781, bringing with it a new way of life and a different culture. The Spanish established El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles, the original settlement that would eventually grow into the sprawling metropolis we know today. However, it wasn’t until the completion of the Southern Pacific Railroad in 1876 that Downtown Los Angeles would see significant growth, attracting settlers and business interests alike.

Boom Period and Architectural Elegance

The late 19th and early 20th centuries were a period of unprecedented growth for Los Angeles, and Downtown was at the heart of it all. The arrival of the film industry added a touch of glamour, while the discovery of oil in the Los Angeles basin spurred economic growth. Architecturally significant buildings like the Bradbury Building (1893) and the Eastern Columbia Building (1930) began to decorate the downtown skyline, symbols of the city’s growing importance and prestige. Theaters and movie palaces, most notably along Broadway, became significant cultural landmarks.

Post-War Decline and Urban Flight

However, the post-war era brought a decline in the fortunes of Downtown Los Angeles. The expansion of the freeway system encouraged urban sprawl, leading to the depopulation of the inner city. Businesses and residents started relocating to the suburbs. By the 1960s and 1970s, many of the elegant historic buildings had fallen into disrepair, and the area became known for crime and neglect.

The Turnaround: Revitalization Efforts

The late 20th century saw various initiatives aimed at revitalizing Downtown Los Angeles. The construction of the Los Angeles Metro Rail system in the 1990s helped make Downtown more accessible, while the opening of the Staples Center in 1999 served as a significant catalyst for change. In the early 21st century, Downtown started attracting a new generation of residents, drawn by its historic buildings turned into lofts and its burgeoning arts scene.

The Downtown of Today

Today, Downtown Los Angeles is a melting pot of cultures and activities. It hosts a thriving arts district, world-class museums like The Broad and MOCA, and iconic venues like the Walt Disney Concert Hall. Historic areas like Olvera Street and Little Tokyo offer cultural experiences that span centuries and continents. With a wave of new developments, luxury apartments, and high-end retailers, Downtown Los Angeles has firmly established itself as a place to live, work, and play.

The history of Downtown Los Angeles is a tale of transformation—from a humble settlement to a neglected neighborhood, and finally to a vibrant cultural and commercial hub. Its story is not just a history of buildings and businesses but of a community that has continually adapted and reinvented itself, a microcosm of the American dream. As Downtown Los Angeles looks to the future, it carries the richness of its past as a cornerstone for new opportunities and challenges. Steven Taylor, LA

Originally published at https://www.reddit.com.

Los Angeles is not just a city; it’s an intricate tapestry woven with diverse experiences, stretching far beyond its iconic entertainment industry and sun-drenched beaches. In this guide, we’re bypassing the celebrity allure and diving deeper into some hidden gems that make L.A. a veritable wonderland of culture, art, and nature. From offbeat museums to idyllic gardens, these lesser-known sites offer enriching experiences often overshadowed by the city’s more famous attractions.

Descanso Gardens: A Botanical Retreat

If the hustle and bustle of L.A. get overwhelming, Descanso Gardens provides a much-needed sanctuary. This 150-acre garden located in La Cañada Flintridge offers a serene setting of seasonal flowers, shady woods, and even a small lake. Whether it’s the Japanese Garden in full bloom or the tranquil Oak Forest, Descanso is a breath of fresh air.

The Gardens are especially famous for their “ Enchanted: Forest of Light” during the holiday season, an interactive experience that transforms the landscape into a whimsical light display. It’s a beautiful escape that merges natural and artificial beauty, making it a must-see hidden gem in the L.A. area.

Bronson Caves: Hollywood’s Secret Backdrop

Tucked away in Griffith Park, Bronson Caves might be the most-seen yet least-recognized attraction in Los Angeles. These man-made tunnels have been used as a filming location for countless TV shows and movies, most famously as the entrance to the Batcave in the 1960s “Batman” series.

A visit here allows you to explore these caves while enjoying the surrounding natural scenery. The hike to reach them is relatively easy, making it accessible for families or those looking for a less strenuous outdoor activity. Not only do you get to step onto a piece of Hollywood history, but you also get a sweeping view of the Hollywood Sign and the city beyond.

Bradbury Building: An Architectural Marvel

If you have a penchant for architecture, the Bradbury Building is a must-visit. Located in Downtown L.A., this building is an architectural masterpiece that often goes unnoticed. Its exterior may seem unassuming, but its interior is a completely different story, featuring an ornate design with wrought-iron railings, open-cage elevators, and a skylight that bathes the atrium in natural light.

The Bradbury Building has been the backdrop for many films and TV shows, including “Blade Runner.” While the first floor is open to visitors, the upper floors are typically closed to the public. Still, the building offers a glimpse into the grandeur and detail that went into early 20th-century architectural design.

Heritage Square Museum: Step Back in Time

The Heritage Square Museum in Northeast L.A. offers a completely different kind of cultural experience. It serves as a time capsule, preserving examples of architecture from different periods in Southern California history. Here, you can explore a series of restored Victorian homes, each furnished according to its respective period.

Tours usually include historical insights and fascinating anecdotes about the families who lived in these houses. The museum also hosts various events throughout the year, like vintage fashion shows and holiday celebrations, adding an extra layer of cultural enrichment.

Battleship USS Iowa Museum: A Nautical Adventure

Docked in the L.A. Waterfront at San Pedro, the USS Iowa Museum takes you on a nautical journey through American naval history. This retired battleship served in World War II, the Korean War, and the Cold War. Now, it’s an interactive museum open to the public.

Upon entering the ship, you can explore various sections, from the captain’s cabin to the enormous 16-inch guns. The museum offers educational tours and interactive exhibits, making it not just a trip down history lane but a fully immersive experience.

Peace Awareness Labyrinth and Gardens: A Spiritual Oasis

Amidst the urban landscape of Los Angeles lies the Peace Awareness Labyrinth and Gardens, a tranquil sanctuary that offers an array of meditation and mindfulness experiences. The center of attraction here is the labyrinth, a walking meditation circle designed to help visitors find their inner peace.

This hidden gem is part of the Movement of Spiritual Inner Awareness, which provides various programs on meditation and spirituality. Whether you are looking for a peaceful walk or deeper spiritual engagement, this place offers a much-needed respite from L.A.’s fast-paced life.

Huntington Library, Art Museum & Botanical Gardens: A Cultural Trifecta

Located in San Marino, the Huntington offers an unparalleled combination of art collections, historical documents, and botanical gardens. The library holds a vast collection of rare books and manuscripts, including a Gutenberg Bible and early editions of Shakespeare’s works.

The art museum is home to an impressive collection of European and American art. Don’t forget to visit the Botanical Gardens, which feature themed gardens such as the Japanese Garden, Desert Garden, and Rose Garden. With over 120 acres to explore, the Huntington provides a full day of cultural and aesthetic enrichment.

Grand Central Market: A Food Lover’s Paradise

If you’re keen to experience L.A.’s diverse culinary scene, make sure to visit the Grand Central Market in Downtown. Open since 1917, this bustling marketplace offers a myriad of food options, from artisanal cheese shops to ethnic food stalls.

Whether you’re in the mood for gourmet coffee, tacos, or fresh produce, the market has something for everyone. Beyond just food, the market frequently hosts events and pop-ups, making each visit a unique experience.

The Grove: More Than Just Shopping

The Grove isn’t merely a shopping destination; it’s a lifestyle experience. Located next to the historic Farmers Market, this outdoor shopping area combines retail therapy with entertainment. With its central fountain, green spaces, and a vintage-style trolley, The Grove offers more than just a shopping spree.

Beyond the regular brand stores, the venue also hosts a farmers market, offering fresh, local produce. Seasonal events and live music performances are frequent, so there’s always something happening at The Grove.

Chateau Marmont: The Epitome of Hollywood Glamour

While technically a hotel, Chateau Marmont is more like a Hollywood landmark with a rich history. Located on Sunset Boulevard, the Chateau has been a home away from home for many of the film industry’s brightest stars since the 1930s.

While it is a private hotel, you can still experience its allure by booking a table at its restaurant or a treatment at its spa. Both offer a taste of the luxury and privacy that make Chateau Marmont an enduring symbol of Hollywood glamour.

La Brea Tar Pits: Where Prehistory Meets Urban L.A.

In the heart of L.A., the La Brea Tar Pits offer a journey back in time. Known for their natural asphalt, which has preserved the fossils of countless plants and animals, these tar pits are a paleontological treasure.

The adjacent museum showcases Ice Age fossils recovered from the tar pits, including mammoths and saber-toothed cats. It’s an educational and interactive experience that provides a unique contrast to L.A.’s modern-day hustle and bustle.

Magic Castle: A Realm of Illusion

Located in Hollywood, the Magic Castle is a private club for magicians and enthusiasts, but don’t let that deter you. Though entry is strictly limited to members and their guests, there are ways to get invited. The experience is utterly unique, featuring magic shows, labyrinthine rooms, and even a ghost pianist.

While the shows are the main attraction, the castle itself is a spectacle. With its ornate interiors and maze-like architecture, it’s an adventure for anyone intrigued by the world of magic.

Museum of Latin American Art: A Cultural Exploration

Located in Long Beach, the Museum of Latin American Art is the only museum in the U.S. dedicated exclusively to modern and contemporary Latin American art. Featuring both permanent collections and rotating exhibitions, it provides a deep dive into Latin American culture and artistic expression.

Interactive exhibits and educational programs further enhance the visitor’s experience, making it a must-visit for anyone interested in Latin American art or culture.

Petersen Automotive Museum: A Car Enthusiast’s Dream

Situated on Wilshire Boulevard, the Petersen Automotive Museum is an ode to automotive culture. The museum features more than 300 cars, motorcycles, and trucks, chronicling the history of the automobile through various themed exhibits.

Interactive displays and state-of-the-art dioramas make it more than just a car museum. It’s a journey through the history of automotive design and its impact on modern culture.

Aquarium of the Pacific: Dive into Marine Life

Located in Long Beach, the Aquarium of the Pacific offers a deep dive-pun intended-into the world’s largest ocean. Home to more than 11,000 animals representing nearly 500 species, it provides a comprehensive look at the diversity of the Pacific’s marine life.

Interactive exhibits, including touch pools and behind-the-scenes tours, offer an engaging experience for visitors of all ages. It’s an educational yet fun outing for anyone keen to learn more about oceanography.

Catalina Island Day Trip: An Escape from the City

Last but not least, if you’re looking to escape L.A. without venturing too far, consider a day trip to Catalina Island. Located just an hour away by ferry, this island offers a variety of outdoor activities, including snorkeling, hiking, and zip-lining.

The island also has a charming small-town vibe, with cute shops and cafes lining the streets of its main city, Avalon. Whether you’re an adventure seeker or just looking for a peaceful getaway, Catalina Island is a perfect respite.

L.A. is a city of endless possibilities, far beyond the glamour of Hollywood and its famous beaches. From historical sites and cultural museums to serene gardens and adventurous hikes, Los Angeles offers a plethora of lesser-known gems waiting to be explored. The next time you find yourself in the City of Angels, consider veering off the well-trodden path-you won’t be disappointed. — Steven Taylor, LA

Originally published at https://www.reddit.com.

As an architecture enthusiast, I’ve long been captivated by the eclectic tapestry of buildings that make up Los Angeles. The city’s architectural landscape is like an open-air museum, weaving stories of different epochs, cultures, and philosophies. From Spanish Revival homes to modernist marvels, every corner of L.A. holds a captivating tale told through brick, mortar, glass, and steel. I want to take you on a journey through time and style, exploring the architecture that makes Los Angeles more than just the City of Angels-it’s a city of architectural wonders.

The Spanish Influence: Mission Revival and Spanish Colonial Revival

Let’s begin with the architecture that mirrors Los Angeles’ Spanish roots. The Mission Revival and Spanish Colonial Revival styles are two of the earliest influences in L.A.’s architecture, dating back to the late 19th and early 20th centuries. One of the most iconic examples of Mission Revival is the Union Station. Walking into the station’s main hall, I always feel transported back in time, as I admire its high arched ceilings and intricate tilework that pay homage to California’s early missions.

Hollywood’s Golden Era: Art Deco and Streamline Moderne

As we fast-forward to the 1920s and ’30s, the glitz and glam of Hollywood began to reflect in the city’s structures. Art Deco skyscrapers like the Eastern Columbia Building stand as symbols of this era. On my first visit to this teal-colored wonder, I was mesmerized by its intricate sunburst patterns and terra cotta tiles, feeling like an extra on a film set from Hollywood’s Golden Age.

The Streamline Moderne style, a later evolution of Art Deco, also left its mark on the city. The Coca-Cola Building, shaped like an ocean liner, is a must-see. It’s hard not to admire the nautical illusion created by the building’s curvilinear façade, porthole windows, and even a “bridge” on the roof. It was like finding an architectural time capsule that speaks of a society fascinated with speed, travel, and modernity.

Mid-Century Modernism: The Case Study Houses

The post-World War II era ushered in Mid-Century Modernism, a style characterized by simplicity, functionality, and a strong connection with nature. My absolute favorite example is the Case Study Houses-a series of experimental homes designed by renowned architects like Charles and Ray Eames, Richard Neutra, and Pierre Koenig.

Visiting the Stahl House (Case Study House #22) was an awe-inspiring experience for me. Overlooking the city from the Hollywood Hills, the glass-walled house blurs the boundaries between indoor and outdoor living, while offering panoramic views of Los Angeles below. It felt like an elegant synthesis of structure and nature, an ideal that many architects continue to strive for today.

Postmodernism and Deconstructivism: The Walt Disney Concert Hall

In more recent decades, Los Angeles has embraced styles that challenge conventional architectural norms. One such marvel is Frank Gehry’s Walt Disney Concert Hall. The building’s sweeping, metallic surfaces seem to defy gravity and logic. When I walked around it for the first time, it felt like stepping into a sculptural masterpiece, where every angle offered a new form, a new reflection, a new experience.

The Present and Future: Sustainable Architecture

Today, the city is becoming increasingly focused on sustainability, with architects aiming to minimize the environmental impact of buildings. From green roofs to solar panels, these modern structures are designed to coexist with the environment rather than dominate it.

Walking through the recently built campuses featuring sustainable architecture, I feel hopeful for the future. These buildings may not have the historic charm of a Spanish Revival mansion or the dramatic flair of a Mid-Century Modern home, but they hold the promise of a more sustainable and harmonious coexistence with nature.Los Angeles is more than just a backdrop for Hollywood movies or the glam of Beverly Hills; it’s a living, evolving showcase of architectural ingenuity and diversity. As I’ve explored these buildings, from the historical to the contemporary, I’ve come to appreciate Los Angeles as a city that celebrates both its past and its future, through the very structures that make it unique. And so, the journey through time and style continues, with every block in Los Angeles offering a new chapter in this endlessly fascinating architectural story. — Steven Taylor, Los Angeles

Originally published at http://steventaylorlandlord.wordpress.com on October 2, 2023.